The Living Dead Legacy: A Comprehensive Exploration of the Franchise and Its Offshoots
Guest Post by B. D. Latham
Introduction
The
impact of George A. Romero's "Night
of the Living Dead," released in 1968, extends far beyond its initial
impact on the horror genre. Not only did the film redefine zombies, but it also
gave birth to a vast and intricate franchise that includes sequels, remakes,
spin-offs, and inspirational works. This essay delves into the evolution of the
"Living Dead" franchise, analyzing its sequels, remakes, spin-offs,
and related series such as "Return of the Living Dead,"
"Zombi," "Contagion," and more. We will also examine the
influence of the franchise on broader media culture.
The Original "Night of the Living
Dead" (1968)
Romero's
original film set a new standard for horror cinema. Its story of a disparate
group seeking refuge from a zombie apocalypse resonated deeply with audiences.
The black-and-white cinematography, coupled with the film's social commentary,
created a unique blend of horror and societal critique.
Sequels: A Continuation of Horror
1. Dawn of the Dead (1978): Romero's
sequel relocated the horror to a shopping mall, exploring consumerism's grip on
society. Mixing horror with satire, "Dawn of the Dead" demonstrated
Romero's ability to evolve the franchise's themes while maintaining their
impact.
2. Day of the Dead (1985): In
the third installment, Romero delved into the psychological toll of surviving
in a decaying world. The film's focus on character dynamics within a confined
space intensified the franchise's exploration of humanity under pressure.
3. Land of the Dead (2005): This
entry, directed by Romero, introduced the concept of intelligent zombies and
tackled class disparity in a post-apocalyptic urban landscape. Romero's return
to the franchise maintained his critical lens on societal issues.
4. Diary of the Dead (2007): Adopting
a found footage style, this film portrayed the outbreak's early stages through
the eyes of student filmmakers. It commented on the role of media and
technology in crisis situations.
5. Survival of the Dead (2009): The
last film directed by Romero, "Survival of the Dead," explored a family
feud against the backdrop of a zombie-infested island. While not as acclaimed,
it continued the franchise's exploration of human nature in extraordinary
circumstances.
Offshoots: Expanding the Universe
1. "Return of the Living Dead"
Series: This subseries veered into comedy-horror, with the first
film introducing zombies craving brains. It embraced campiness and established
its own cult following.
2. "Zombi" (Zombie Flesh Eaters)
Series: Inspired by Romero's work, Lucio Fulci's "Zombi 2"
initiated a separate series focusing on gore and visceral horror,
distinguishing itself from Romero's sociopolitical commentary.
3. "Contagion" (2011): While
not a traditional zombie film, "Contagion" depicted a global
pandemic's impact, mirroring real-world fears. The film's realism resonated
deeply in a post-9/11 world.
Remakes and Reimaginings
1. "Night of the Living Dead"
(1990): Tom Savini's remake paid homage to the original while adding
modern effects and nuanced character development.
2. "Dawn of the Dead" (2004): Zack Snyder's remake
transported the narrative to a shopping mall, injecting fresh energy and intensity
into the story. Its fast-moving zombies represented a departure from Romero's
traditional slow-moving undead.
3. "Day of the Dead" (2008): A
loose remake, the film took a more action-oriented approach, featuring a
different storyline and characters.
Expanded Universe and Series
1. "The Walking Dead"
(2010-Present): Based on the comic series, the television show portrays life
in a post-apocalyptic world dominated by zombies. It delves into character
development, interpersonal dynamics, and the struggle for survival.
2. "Fear the Walking Dead"
(2015-Present): A spin-off of "The Walking Dead," this series
explores the early days of the outbreak on the West Coast, focusing on a
different group of survivors.
3. "Day of the Dead"
(2021-Present): A TV series inspired by Romero's film, it explores the
journey of a group of survivors navigating a world overrun by zombies.
Timeline of Films in the "Living
Dead" Franchise and Offshoots
· 1968: "Night of the
Living Dead"
· 1978: "Dawn of the Dead"
· 1979: "Zombi 2" (Zombi series)
· 1985: "Day of the
Dead," "Return of the Living Dead"
· 2004: "Dawn of the
Dead" (Remake)
· 2005: "Land of the
Dead"
· 2007: "Diary of the
Dead"
· 2008: "Day of the
Dead" (Remake)
· 2009: "Survival of the
Dead"
· 2011: "Contagion"
· 2021: "Day of the
Dead" (TV series)
Conclusion
The
"Living Dead" franchise stands as a testament to the enduring impact
of Romero's original vision. Its sequels, remakes, spin-offs, and series have
collectively contributed to shaping horror cinema and media culture. The
franchise's exploration of societal issues, human nature, and survival
continues to resonate with audiences across generations. The evolution of the
"Living Dead" universe mirrors the shifts in cultural and cinematic
trends, ensuring its relevance and significance for years to come. As we
confront our own anxieties and societal challenges, the "Living Dead"
franchise remains a source of reflection, exploration, and unending
fascination.
It is worth noting that the DEAD are more than
they seem. Philosophers have long wrestled with what has come to be
known as the “Mind-Body Problem;” the question of whether we, as humans, are
merely physical, material creatures or if we are possessed of some non-physical
mind (soul or spirit are often used synonymously with mind). This open question
has developed into one of the greatest schisms in the history of modern
thought.# The partisans in this battle are aligned on three sides:
materialists, dualists and idealists. The eminent auteur George A. Romero has quite
brilliantly aligned himself on the materialist side of this fight with the
latter entries in his Dead film series. A careful watching of both Day of the
Dead and Land of the Dead makes this point almost excruciatingly clear.
In this discussion the first order of business is
to define the sides in the ongoing fight over the question of the soul. As was
stated earlier, there are three sides: Idealism, Materialism and Dualism. We
will need to explore each of them separately.
Idealism
We will look at Idealism# simply so that we may
dismiss it almost out of hand. The Idealist believes that there are only minds
and thoughts created by minds. To make it clear, the Idealist denies that there
are any material objects or physical beings in the whole of the universe. A
cursory examination of the idealist philosophy reveals that it is largely
absurd as well as being psychologically unsatisfying. Even if we were to ignore
those two highly persuasive facts, we would still have to contend with the
problem posed by temporal constancy. The idealist must believe that the chair
that he sits in is not, in fact, a chair but rather merely an idea in his mind
which he has mistaken for a material object in the shape of a chair. This seems
barely on the outskirts of plausibility until we consider the following
scenario: You enter a room and arrange the chairs in an odd configuration, then
write down the precise location of each chair before exiting the room. An hour
later a person that you have had no contact with then enters the room and
writes down the location of each chair in the room. If the two of you come
together and compare notes you will learn that you have observed the same
configuration of chairs. If you have each only mistaken your own private
thoughts for material objects shaped like chairs then it seems that you should
observe different things. In this way Idealism knocks out its pins and
collapses upon itself. It was never really taken seriously by anyone anyway and
has few partisans. The other two sides in this battle have much more power
behind them.
Materialism
Materialism holds that a person is an animal. We
are, the materialist claims, merely material, physical beings. Nothing more and
nothing less. The mind, the materialist says, is an effect of the physical
brain. The materialist insists that there is no soul or spirit and that what we
call ‘mind’ is merely a series of electrical and chemical reactions within that
self same brain.
Dualism
The Dualist would agree with the materialist that
man is a material being, a physical animal. But, the dualist claims, in
addition to the physical components man also is possessed of a non-physical
mind (spirit or soul works just as well here). The dualist says that it is this
non-physical aspect that is responsible for consciousness, thought and our
knack for ethical decision.
Those are the three sides in the mind-body
discussion.
The Living Dead
George A. Romero is a film maker best known for
his zombie genre movies. Romero’s Zombie films are: Night of the Living Dead,
Dawn of the Dead, Day of the Dead, Land of the Dead and Diary of the Dead.
These films all take place in a universe where humanity has been over run by a
plague of flesh eating zombies. These zombies are previously dead humans that
have been resurrected by some process that is never explained to the audience.
In each film a small band of human survivors attempt to outlast or out fight
the undead cannibals# that stalk them. The first two entries in the series# are
both extraordinary entertainment and fascinating satire# but fail to reach the
philosophical heights that the latter films would reach.
Day of the Dead features a zombie named Bub who is
the subject of certain behavioral experiments. In the course of the film Bub
demonstrates the ability to learn, to remember things from his past and to use
objects (one is tempted to say tools, but that seems to miss the point of a
phone in a world where there is no one left to talk to). Near the end of the
film Bub even comes very close to speaking a word.
In Romero's follow up, Land of the Dead, the
zombies evolve even further. In that film, the undead follow a leader, Big
Daddy#. Big Daddy not only displays the ability to use tools, but transmits and
teaches that ability to other zombies. The film culminates with an army of the
undead marching on the last human city.
What then, does all of this have to do with souls?
It seems clear that learning, memory and choices
are actions of the mind#. If zombies can learn, then they must have minds#
(again, soul works just as well). The problem this causes for Dualism should be
clear:
The Dualist believes that the soul (mind) is
something non-physical which leaves the body at death. The zombies have died,
and when that happened, the incorporeal part of them should have fled. When
their bodies were re-animated, they should have become mindless automata. The
Materialist suffers no such problem. The materialist claims (as we have
discussed) that the mind is just a material function of the brain. As such, the
re-animated zombie still possesses its brain, and so should be capable of
thought (that these abilities are somehow diminished can be explained through
the decay of brain tissue).
When these facts are considered, it seems manifestly clear that Romero’s Zombie films belong to the class of philosophical literature and that they fit cleanly on the materialist side of the mind body problem.
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